Lecture 3 Translation of Western Learning in the Late Qing Dynasty 清朝末年的西学翻译 Translation into Chinese all but stopped for roughly a hundred years with the expulsion of foreign missionaries in 1723. It resumed following the British invasion (1840-1842) and the subsequent arrival of American, British, French and German missionaries. The Opium War in the 1840 reduced China to a semicolonial and semifeudal country. Since then, progressive people who were anxious about the fate of China began to look for ways of its rejuvenation. They propelled the effort of translating and disseminating western knowledge about philosophy, natural and social sciences and brought about the third peak of translation in Chinese history. 1. Translations by the advocators of Westernization Movement（洋务派的翻译） Prompted by the failure of the Opium War, the Qing government initiated the Westernization Movement from the 1860s. Owing to the Westernization Movement, western science and technology was transmitted to China once more. The proposition of “Chinese learning as the base and Western learning for application” by Zhang Zhidong became popular with the new-style intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty. They believed that a mastery of the advanced western technology in making ships and artillery could enable China to “learn from the foreign and conquer the foreign.” 张之洞的“中学为体，西学为用”，成为晚清新式知识分子最典型的西学观点。洋务派认为学到西方的坚船利炮之技艺，就能“师夷之长技以制夷”。 what the advocators of the Westernization Movement did was as follows. They established new-style schools, sent students abroad, set up translation bureaus， recruited foreign missionaries and sinologists to co-work on the translation of scientific books.. 建立新式学堂，官派留学生赴英、法、美、德等国学习军事、技术、自然等科目，设译书局. 专门从事西籍翻译， 聘请外国来华教会人士和汉学家合作从事西学翻译工作。 在自然科学翻译方面，这时出现了一批中国一流科技翻译家。其中杰出的代表有李善兰、华蘅芳、徐寿。外国 传教士中著名的有 Alexander Wylie(伟烈亚力), John Fryer （傅兰雅）等。 Li Shanlan 李善兰（1811-1882），an outstanding mathematician, technical translator and a precursor in Chinese modern science. He, a child prodigy, finished the study of 《几何原本》at the age of 15. In 1856 he translated the second nine volumes of Euclid’s Elements with the mutual effort of Alexander Wylie(伟烈亚力), and got it published in the 1857, 250 years later after Xu Guangqi translated the first six volumes of the book. 1856年与伟烈亚力合作续译《几何原本》后九卷，于1856年译成，翌年出版，最终完成徐光启未竟之业。 He also translated many other works on mathematics, transmitting modern western Symbol Algebra, analytic geometry, and infinitesimal calculus into China. 使西方近代符号代数学、解析几何学、微积分学第一次传入我国。 He also translated and introduced Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and Newton’s Three Great 15 Laws of Motion into China for the first time. 系统介绍了哥白尼日心学说；第一次将牛顿三大定律等近代物理学介绍进中国。 在翻译理论方面： 马建忠（1845－1900）： A diplomatist, a thinker, and a grammarian, mastering both English and French and having a good command of Greek and Latin. In 1894, after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, Ma Jianzhong set forth the criterion of “Good Translation” in his “On Establishing a Translation School”, a masterpiece on Chinese translation history.甲午海战爆发后，马建忠写的《拟设翻译书院议》一文，是中国近代译学史上的名篇，提出了“善译”的标准： „„平日冥心钩考，必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字深嗜笃好，字栉句比„„析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥析之所由然„„一书到手，反复经营，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解„„译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入其间，夫而后能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，是则为善译也。（马祖毅，2004：353） Intralingual translation: 译者必须精通原文与译文，比较其异同，掌握两种语言的规律。译书之前，必须透彻了解原文，原文的音调，文句的繁简，文体的变化，以及义理精微之所在等，都要反复斟酌，达到心悟神解的地步，然后下笔，译文又能摹写原文的神情，仿效原文的语气，力求与原文在意思上无一毫出入，而且使读者读了译文后达到与读原文者相同的感受。 Interlingual translation: “To make a good translation, the translator should be proficient at both the source and target languages, by comparing them word by word, sentence by sentence. In the course of translation, the translator should speculate on the rising and falling of tones and intonations, the simplicity or complexity of the wording, the syntactic structure and the differences of the style to explore the essence and the meaning of the source text….Only after one has repeatedly studied the text to be translated and understood the essence and meaning of the book, can one imitate the mood and convey the spirit of the original. The translated text will be exactly the same with the original, without any finest discrepancies. If readers can get all the impression and benefits as though they were reading the original text, then the translation is good”. Ma Jianzhong set forth three requirements for a good translation namely: (1) A translator should master the two languages. He is required to know the differences and similarities between the two languages. (2) A translator should have a full understanding of the mood, meaning, style and spirit of the source text and transfer them exactly into the target language. (3) There should be no discrepancy between the source text and the target text. The target text is required to be identical with the source text. 马建忠的“善译”标准包括三大要求： 第一、译者先要对两种语言素有研究，熟知彼此的异同； 第二、弄清原文的意义、精神和语气，把它传达出来； 第三、译文和原文毫无出入，"译成之文，适如其所译". 2. Translations after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895——Around the period of the Reform Movement of 1898 甲午战争后维新时期前后的翻译 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was beset with more dangers. With more 16 and more treaties of national betrayal and humiliation were signed, the whole country was on the verge of disintegration. 如康有为指出，犹如“寝于火薪之上”，“俄北瞰，英西睒，法南瞬，日东虎视眈眈，处四强邻之中而为国，岌岌哉！” Kang Youwei keenly pointed out : “ the situation of China is as perilous as one sleeping over a heap of firewood which may catch fire at any moment. With Russia spying on in the north, Britain peeping in the west, France coveting in the south, and Japan eyeing in the east, china was thrown into great danger by the four neigbouring powers. How precarious it is !” Chinese bureaucrats and intellectuals finally realized the cost of parochial arrogance and the urgency of constitutional reform and modernization by means of learning from the west. Under such circumstances, capitalist reformist ascended the political arena, wishing to bring into force their political programme through reform. Therefore, around the period of the Reform Movement, translation of western learning was all the more emphasized, with its focus shifted to the translation of social sciences, particularly that of the classical works on social sciences. Liang Qichao took the lead this time. 维新时期，翻译重心向社科文献乃至社科经典的转移。 It may well be said that it was until then that the fight between western learning and Chinese learning and that between new learning and old learning was carried out massively. 到了维新派手里，新学与旧学之争，西学与中学之争，才开始大规模地展开。 Liang Qichao 梁启超(1873-1929）, a reformer, a politico, a thinker, an educator, a historian, a writer, an encyclopedic scholar, and a cultural magnate in modern China. His translations were mainly about western capitalist learning, Marxist works and political novels. 西方资产阶级学术、马克思主义著作、和文学作品（主要是政治小说）。 He had clear purpose in translation, i.e. to save his country and people from deep danger, believing that “to make the country stronger the first thing to do is to translate western books” and “ to save the country from being perished, we must vitalize translation”. “必以译书为强国第一要义，昭昭然也”，认为，挽救中华民族危亡，必须振兴中国翻译事业。 In 1898, he issued On Translating and publishing Political Novels 《译印政治小说序》, advocating vigorously the translation of western novels and heralding the tide of literary translation. 成为呼唤我国文学翻译高潮到来的先声。 17 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/be892f21cc7931b764ce1525.html