英语词类和句子成分的关系

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英语中的词类



一、词类:英语词类分十种:

名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n. 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

2、代词(pron. 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj:表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .

4数词num. 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.

5、动词(v. 表示动作或状态。如:am, is, are, have, see .

6、副词(adv. 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.

7、冠词(art:用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.

8、介词(prep. 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.

9、连词(conj. 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello






英语词类和句子成分的关系

(一)词类相互间的关系。

1.形容词、数词通常修饰名词(有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词),形容词还可修饰代词。例如:

1)The three tall and strong men are all basket- ball players.主系表结构 (定语) () () (定语) (表语)

数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players. 2)The writer often writes something interesting about children. () () () () () (形容词interesting修饰不定代词something) 2.副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如 (副词well修饰plays,副词quite修饰另一副词well.)

(副词very修饰形容词interesting)

以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词,可在句中单独做一定的成分。 3冠词、介词、连词称为虚词,在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前;介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语,才能作一定的成分(定语、状语和表语) 连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。

He is so young that he can’t go to school.that连接两句子) (二)词类和句子成分的关系:

1.主语:是句子要说明的人和物,是句子的主体,一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外,动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如: 1)Mr. Chen is a great scientist. (________作主语) 2)He reads newspapers every day. (________作主语) 3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (________作主语)

4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. (________作主语) 5)What we shall do next is not yet decided. (________作主语)

2.谓语:说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。例如: 1)The new term begins on September 1st .(________作谓语) 2)She seems tired. (________作谓语) 3)He has gone to Beijing. (________作谓语)

3.宾语:及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词(或相当于及物动词的短语)后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外,动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如:

1)Wang Ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语;________作直接宾语) 2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( ________作介词宾语)

3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (________作动词likes 的宾语) 4)His brother is good at playing chess. (________作介词宾语) 5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (________作动词宾语)

4.宾语补足语(复合宾语的第二部分):在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。(见前面简单句的五种基本句型五)

5.表语:在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有:名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。

1)Wang Lin’s father is a doctor. (________作表语,说明主语的身份是doctor) 2)He is from America. ________作表语,说明主语的特征是来自美国


3)The baby is asleep. (________作表语,说明主语的状态是睡着的”) 4)His work is teaching English.(________作表语,) 5)This is why he was late for school((________作表语,)

6.定语:用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前;但修饰复合不定代词(nothing, anything, everything, something , somebody , anybody, …..)时,则放在这些不定代词之后。短语和从句作定语时,也放在被修饰词之后。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句等都可作定语。

1)He is reading an interesting book. (________作定语,)

2)I have something important to tell you. (________以及________作定语,修饰不定代词something)

3)There are few women workers in the factory. (________以及________作定语修饰名词workers)

4)The oil workers here come from Daqing. (________以及________作定语修饰名workers)

5)We have got ten desks in the room. (________修饰名词desks)

6)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. ________作定语修饰名词report.

7)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister. (________作定语修饰名词girl) 8)This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. (________作定语修饰名词dictionary)

7.状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前,修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。但有些副词(如:often , always , usually等作状语放在事义动词之前,be //情之后)。副词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式、分词短语和状语从句都可以作状语。

1)He knows how to learn English well. (________作状语,修饰动词learn) 2)My parents often tell us about their hard life in the past. (________作状语,修饰动词tell)

3)Her mother usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. (________状语,修饰动词goes)

4)He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. (________作状语,修饰动词will leave)

5)He came here to see you. (________作目的状语,

6)He sat there reading a novel (________作状语修饰动词sat)

7)If I have some free time, I will study German. (________作状语) 三、用分析法确定一个单词在句中的词性和成分。 英语中,一个单词往往有多种意思,应根据一个词在句中的位置确定它的词性、词义、和在句中的成分。

1)Excuse me. I don’t want to listen to you any more. I don’t think it’s a good excuse for being late for school

2)The scores are hard to believe. Team A has scored eight goals.

3)The guide pointed to a red point on the map to show us where the tomb is. 4)The sound from the church sounds very beautiful.


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