美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记5
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History And Anthology of American Literature （5） PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学 Ⅰ. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972 1. 埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot. 2. 庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture. 3. 《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage to Sextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae” or “Masks”; 1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ; 1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至 ”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s 1 “Divina Commedia” in three sections, but representing a comedy human, not divine, dealing with the wreck of civilizations by reason of the infidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancient world, the Renaissance, and the modern period. 4. 二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。回国后作为美国公民，他因叛国罪而遭起诉，但法庭审查时，被判无罪。1958年叛国起诉撤消后，又返回意大利，1972年在判去世during World War Ⅱ, Pound, on behalf of the Italian government, conducted radio broadcasts beamed at the American troops. He was returned to the United States as a citizen accused of treason, but on examination he was declared insane. After the treason charges were dismissed in 1958, Pound returned to Italy, where he died in 1972. 5. 教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal” 《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second” 《合同》：”A Pact” 《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro” 《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter” Ⅱ. Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊1869-1935 1. 他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名叫《蒂尔伯里小镇》的诗集，随后他出生的加德纳镇也因此而改名为蒂尔伯里 one of the most productive of the new poets of the 20th century. Gardiner later became “Tilbury Town”, the title of an early collection of Robinson’s poetry, and the background for a series of vivid character sketches in verse. 2. 罗宾逊是在凄凉和贫穷之中开始自己的诗歌创作，走上他的诗人之路的，他居住在纽约环境最差的地方，平时靠打零工来维持生活 Robison began his career as a poet in bleakness and poverty. He lived in difficult circumstances in New York City, working at various odd jobs. 西奥多·罗斯福总统得知他生活艰难情况后，于1905年把他安排在纽约一个海关开始担任一个小职员The President, Theodore Roosevelt, learning of the poet’s difficulties, in 1905 gave Robinson a clerk’s job in the customhouse in New York. 《蔬菜》或叫《从邮递员到总统》”The Vegetable” or “from Postman to President” 1. 1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”，在这两部小说中，菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires. 2. 教材作品：《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby” Ⅷ. Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特·海明威1899-1961 1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. 1961年在家自杀。 1. 一战中作为美国在法国的救护队的一名志愿驾驶员到军队服役，后转移到意大利前线，后受重伤 In World WarI, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France, then transferred to duty on the Italian front, where he was seriously wounded. 2. 他极大地推动了报告文学的发展，他认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone. 3. 1923年第一本书《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems” 4. 1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises” 海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特·斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的代言人 Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”. 5. 对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等，海明威有时做出的是消极评论，后来这种人生虚无主义的观点进行了修改，他反复运用坚定的语气声称，人凭借自己的勇气和方式，还是有可能过上美好生活的，在海明威看来，人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容，或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人” His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or “purity of line 2 through the maximum of exposure”. 6. 1929年《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms” 1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon” 1935年《非洲的青山》”The Green Hills of Africa” 1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls” 1950年《过河入林》”Across the River and into the trees” 1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea” (triumphant even in defeat) 7. 教材作品：《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms” Ⅸ. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968 1. 斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨，尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写，于1940年获得普利策奖，1962年获得了诺贝尔文学奖 Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature. 2. 他是二十世纪三十年代，美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s 3. 由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触，因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的同情，他的作品反映的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活 His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor. 4. 1935年《托蒂亚平地》”Tortilla Flat” 《胜负未决的战斗》”In Dubious Battle” 1937年《鼠与人》”Of Mice and Men” 1938年《长谷》“The Long Valley” 1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事，故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束，书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质 showed the migration of the “Okies” from the “Dust Bowls” to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. 19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez” 5. 教材作品：《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath” Ⅹ. William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/43f25dc6f011f18583d049649b6648d7c0c7086d.html